Alcohols - A Level Chemistry

OCR H432 · 4.2.1, 4.2.3(a)

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4.2.1(a) (i) the polarity of alcohols and an explanation, in terms of hydrogen bonding, of the water solubility and the relatively low volatility of alcohols compared with alkanes (see also 2.2.2 l and 4.1.2 c)
(ii) classification of alcohols into primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols 4.2.1(b) combustion of alcohols 4.2.1(c) oxidation of alcohols by an oxidising agent, e.g. Cr₂O₇^2–/H⁺ (i.e. K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄), including:
(i) the oxidation of primary alcohols to form aldehydes and carboxylic acids; the control of the oxidation product using different reaction conditions
(ii) the oxidation of secondary alcohols to form ketones
(iii) the resistance to oxidation of tertiary alcohols 4.2.1(d) elimination of H₂O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g. H₃PO₄ or H₂SO₄) and heat to form alkenes 4.2.1(e) substitution with halide ions in the presence of acid (e.g. NaBr/H₂SO₄) to form haloalkanes. 4.2.3(a) the techniques and procedures for:
(i) use of Quickfit apparatus including for distillation and heating under reflux
(ii) preparation and purification of an organic liquid including:
• use of a separating funnel to remove an organic layer from an aqueous layer
• drying with an anhydrous salt (e.g. MgSO₄, CaCl₂)
• redistillation

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