Alkanes - A Level Chemistry

OCR H432 · 4.1.1(a), 4.1.1(e)–(g), 4.1.2

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4.1.1(a) application of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for systematically naming organic compounds 4.1.1(e) explanation of the term structural isomers (compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae) and determination of possible structural formulae of an organic molecule, given its molecular formula 4.1.1(f) the different types of covalent bond fission:
(i) homolytic fission (in terms of each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals)
(ii) heterolytic fission (in terms of one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair) 4.1.1(g) the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of ‘dots’ to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms 4.1.2(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing single C–C and C–H bonds as σ-bonds (overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms); free rotation of the σ-bond 4.1.2(b) explanation of the tetrahedral shape and bond angle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion (see also 2.2.2 g–h) 4.1.2(c) explanation of the variations in boiling points of alkanes with different carbon-chain length and branching, in terms of induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) (see also 2.2.2 k) 4.1.2(d) the low reactivity of alkanes with many reagents in terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low polarity of the σ-bonds present (see also 2.2.2 j) 4.1.2(e) complete combustion of alkanes, as used in fuels, and the incomplete combustion of alkane fuels in a limited supply of oxygen with the resulting potential dangers from CO 4.1.2(f) the reaction of alkanes with chlorine and bromine by radical substitution using ultraviolet radiation, including a mechanism involving homolytic fission and radical reactions in terms of initiation, propagation and termination (see also 4.1.1 f–g) 4.1.2(g) the limitations of radical substitution in synthesis by the formation of a mixture of organic products, in terms of further substitution and reactions at different positions in a carbon chain.

Alkanes

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