Carbonyl Compounds - A Level Chemistry

OCR H432 · 6.1.2, 6.1.3

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6.1.2(a) oxidation of aldehydes using Cr₂O₇^2–/H⁺ (i.e. K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄) to form carboxylic acids 6.1.2(b) nucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl compounds with:
(i) NaBH₄ to form alcohols
(ii) HCN [i.e. NaCN(aq)/H⁺(aq)], to form hydroxynitriles (see also 6.2.4 b) 6.1.2(c) the mechanism for nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones with NaBH₄ and HCN 6.1.2(d) use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to:
(i) detect the presence of a carbonyl group in an organic compound
(ii) identify a carbonyl compound from the melting point of the derivative 6.1.2(e) use of Tollens’ reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to:
(i) detect the presence of an aldehyde group
(ii) distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, explained in terms of the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids with reduction of silver ions to silver. 6.1.3(a) explanation of the water solubility of carboxylic acids in terms of hydrogen bonding 6.1.3(b) reactions in aqueous conditions of carboxylic acids with metals and bases (including carbonates, metal oxides and alkalis) 6.1.3(c) esterification of:
(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g. concentrated H₂SO₄)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols 6.1.3(d) hydrolysis of esters:
(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids and alcohols
(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate salts and alcohols 6.1.3(e) the formation of acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids using SOCl₂ 6.1.3(f) use of acyl chlorides in synthesis in formation of esters, carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amides.

Carbonyl Compounds

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Carbonyl Compounds

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