Chemistry@BGS

✓ 2.1.3(d) the terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation and calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt from given percentage composition, mass composition or based on experimental results ✓ 2.1.3(e) calculations, using amount of substance in mol, involving:
(i) mass
(ii) gas volume
(iii) solution volume and concentration ✓ 2.1.3(f) the ideal gas equation:
pV = nRT ✓ 2.1.3(g) use of stoichiometric relationships in calculations ✓ 2.1.3(h) calculations to determine:
(i) the percentage yield of a reaction or related quantities
(ii) the atom economy of a reaction ✓ 2.1.3(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass, volumes of solutions and gas volumes ✓ 2.1.3(j) the benefits for sustainability of developing chemical processes with a high atom economy. ✓ 2.1.4(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃ and CH₃COOH) and the common alkalis (NaOH, KOH and NH₃) and explanation that acids release H⁺ ions in aqueous solution and alkalis release OH⁻ ions in aqueous solution ✓ 2.1.4(b) qualitative explanation of strong and weak acids in terms of relative dissociations ✓ 2.1.4(c) neutralisation as the reaction of:
(i) H⁺ and OH⁻ to form H₂O
(ii) acids with bases, including carbonates, metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble bases), to form salts, including full equations ✓ 2.1.4(d) the techniques and procedures used when preparing a standard solution of required concentration and carrying out acid–base titrations ✓ 2.1.4(e) structured and non-structured titration calculations, based on experimental results of familiar and non-familiar acids and bases. ✓ 2.1.5(a) rules for assigning and calculating oxidation number for atoms in elements, compounds and ions ✓ 2.1.5(b) writing formulae using oxidation numbers ✓ 2.1.5(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the magnitude of the oxidation number when an element may have compounds/ions with different oxidation numbers ✓ 2.1.5(d) oxidation and reduction in terms of:
(i) electron transfer
(ii) changes in oxidation number ✓ 2.1.5(e) redox reactions of metals with acids to form salts, including full equations (see also 2.1.4 c) ✓ 2.1.5(f) interpretation of redox equations in (e), and unfamiliar redox reactions, to make predictions in terms of oxidation numbers and electron loss/gain.