Chemistry@BGS

✓ 6.2.1(a) the basicity of amines in terms of proton acceptance by the nitrogen lone pair and the reactions of amines with dilute acids, e.g. HCl (aq), to form salts ✓ 6.2.1(b) the preparation of:
(i) aliphatic amines by substitution of haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia and amines
(ii) aromatic amines by reduction of nitroarenes using tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid. ✓ 6.2.2(a) the general formula for an α-amino acid as RCH(NH₂)COOH and the following reactions of amino acids:
(i) reaction of the carboxylic acid group with alkalis and in the formation of esters (see also 6.1.3 c)
(ii) reaction of the amine group with acids ✓ 6.2.2(b) structures of primary and secondary amides (see also 6.1.3 f, 6.2.3 a–b) ✓ 6.2.2(c) optical isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of non-superimposable mirror images about a chiral centre) (see also 4.1.3 c–d) ✓ 6.2.2(d) identification of chiral centres in a molecule of any organic compound. ✓ 6.2.3(a) condensation polymerisation to form:
(i) polyesters
(ii) polyamides ✓ 6.2.3(b) the acid and base hydrolysis of:
(i) the ester groups in polyesters
(ii) the amide groups in polyamides ✓ 6.2.3(c) prediction from addition and condensation polymerisation of:
(i) the repeat unit from a given monomer(s)
(ii) the monomer(s) required for a given section of a polymer molecule
(iii) the type of polymerisation. ✓ 6.2.4(a) the use of C–C bond formation in synthesis to increase the length of a carbon chain (see also 6.1.1 d, 6.1.2 b) ✓ 6.2.4(b) formation of C–C≡N by reaction of:
(i) haloalkanes with CN^– and ethanol, including nucleophilic substitution mechanism (see also 4.2.2 c)
(ii) carbonyl compounds with HCN, including nucleophilic addition mechanism (see also 6.1.2 b–c) ✓ 6.2.4(c) reaction of nitriles from (b):
(i) by reduction (e.g. with H₂/Ni) to form amines
(ii) by acid hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids ✓ 6.2.4(d) formation of a substituted aromatic C–C by alkylation (using a haloalkane) and acylation (using an acyl chloride) in the presence of a halogen carrier (Friedel–Crafts reaction) (see also 6.1.1 d). ✓ 6.2.5(a) the techniques and procedures used for the preparation and purification of organic solids involving use of a range of techniques (see also 4.2.3 a) including:
(i) organic preparation
• use of Quickfit apparatus
• distillation and heating under reflux
(ii) purification of an organic solid
• filtration under reduced pressure
• recrystallisation
• measurement of melting points ✓ 6.2.5(b) for an organic molecule containing several functional groups:
(i) identification of individual functional groups
(ii) prediction of properties and reactions ✓ 6.2.5(c) multi-stage synthetic routes for preparing organic compounds.