Spectroscopy - A Level Chemistry

OCR H432 · 6.3.1, 6.3.2

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6.3.1(a) interpretation of one-way TLC chromatograms in terms of R_f values 6.3.1(b) interpretation of gas chromatograms in terms of:
(i) retention times
(ii) the amounts and proportions of the components in a mixture. 6.3.1(c) qualitative analysis of organic functional groups on a test-tube scale;
processes and techniques needed to identify the following functional groups in an unknown compound:
(i) alkenes by reaction with bromine (see also 4.1.3 f)
(ii) haloalkanes by reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol (see also 4.2.2 a)
(iii) phenols by weak acidity but no reaction with CO₃^2– (see also 6.1.1 h)
(iv) carbonyl compounds by reaction with 2,4-DNP (see also 6.1.2 d)
(v) aldehydes by reaction with Tollens’ reagent (see also 6.1.2 e)
(vi) primary and secondary alcohols and aldehydes by reaction with acidified dichromate (see also 4.2.1 c, 6.1.2a)
(vii) carboxylic acids by reaction with CO₃^2– (see also 6.1.3 b). 6.3.2(a) analysis of a carbon-13 NMR spectrum of an organic molecule to make predictions about:
(i) the number of carbon environments in the molecule
(ii) the different types of carbon environment present, from chemical shift values
(iii) possible structures for the molecule 6.3.2(b) analysis of a high resolution proton NMR spectrum of an organic molecule to make predictions about:
(i) the number of proton environments in the molecule
(ii) the different types of proton environment present, from chemical shift values
(iii) the relative numbers of each type of proton present from relative peak areas, using integration traces or ratio numbers, when required
(iv) the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton from the spin–spin splitting pattern, using the n + 1 rule
(v) possible structures for the molecule 6.3.2(c) prediction of a carbon-13 or proton NMR spectrum for a given molecule 6.3.2(d) (i) the use of tetramethylsilane, TMS, as the standard for chemical shift measurements
(ii) the need for deuterated solvents, e.g. CDCl₃, when running an NMR spectrum
(iii) the identification of O–H and N–H protons by proton exchange using D₂O 6.3.2(e) deduction of the structures of organic compounds from different analytical data including:
(i) elemental analysis (see also 2.1.3 c)
(ii) mass spectra (see also 4.2.4 f–g)
(iii) IR spectra (see also 4.2.4 d–e)
(iv) NMR spectra.

Spectroscopy

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Spectroscopy

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