Transition Metals - A Level Chemistry

OCR H432 · 5.3.1 · 5.3.2

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5.3.1(a) the electron configuration of atoms and ions of the d-block elements of Period 4 (Sc–Zn), given the atomic number and charge (see also 2.2.1 d) 5.3.1(b) the elements Ti–Cu as transition elements i.e. d-block elements that have an ion with an incomplete d-sub-shell 5.3.1(c) illustration, using at least two transition elements, of:
(i) the existence of more than one oxidation state for each element in its compounds (see also 5.3.1 k)
(ii) the formation of coloured ions (see also 5.3.1 h, j–k)
(iii) the catalytic behaviour of the elements and their compounds and their importance in the manufacture of chemicals by industry (see 3.2.2 d) 5.3.1(d) explanation and use of the term ligand in terms of coordinate (dative covalent) bonding to a metal ion or metal, including bidentate ligands 5.3.1(e) use of the terms complex ion and coordination number and examples of complexes with:
(i) six-fold coordination with an octahedral shape
(ii) four-fold coordination with either a planar or tetrahedral shape (see also 2.2.2 g–h) 5.3.1(f) types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes, including those associated with bidentate and multidentate ligands:
(i) cis–trans isomerism e.g. Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂ (see also 4.1.3 c–d)
(ii) optical isomerism e.g. [Ni(NH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂)₃]²⁺ (see also 6.2.2 c) 5.3.1(g) use of cis-platin as an anti-cancer drug and its action by binding to DNA preventing cell division 5.3.1(h) ligand substitution reactions and the accompanying colour changes in the formation of:
(i) [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺ and [CuCl₄]^2– from [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺
(ii) [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺ from [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ (see also 5.3.1 j) 5.3.1(i) explanation of the biochemical importance of iron in haemoglobin, including ligand substitution involving O₂ and CO 5.3.1(j) reactions, including ionic equations, and the accompanying colour changes of aqueous Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺ and Cr³⁺ with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia, including:
(i) precipitation reactions
(ii) complex formation with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia 5.3.1(k) redox reactions and accompanying colour changes for:
(i) interconversions between Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺
(ii) interconversions between Cr³⁺ and Cr₂O₇^2–
(iii) reduction of Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺ and disproportionation of Cu⁺ to Cu²⁺ and Cu 5.3.1(l) interpretation and prediction of unfamiliar reactions including ligand substitution, precipitation, redox. 5.3.2(a) qualitative analysis of ions on a test-tube scale: processes and techniques needed to identify the following ions in an unknown compound:
(i) anions: CO₃^2–, Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, SO₄^2– (see 3.1.4 a)
(ii) cations: NH₄⁺; Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Cr³⁺ (see 3.1.4 a, 5.3.1 j).

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